Housing and Domestic Life

As the workforce expanded, the town grew with it—often too fast for housing policy to keep pace. Local workers commonly lived in single‑story balagani built of sun‑dried brick: four or five rooms around a central kitchen, sometimes a family to a room. Overcrowding and poor sanitation were early problems; in summer people cooked outside on pechka stoves and sometimes slept outdoors to escape the heat. Rents for company housing typically ran from 1 to 8 roubles a month.

British managers and specialists mostly occupied large houses with gardens, stables and servants, grouped in what visitors described as an English enclave. One of the most striking residences belonged to Archibald and Sophie Balfour: “The Swallows’ Nest”, or Balfour House, a cool limestone‑walled home with high ceilings, a tower possibly echoing St George’s, Hanover Square, and windows looking over the works. The Hughes family’s own house was larger again, with skylights, fine dining rooms and extensive service quarters. A letter to the Bishop of Gibraltar detailed a vacant house with “6 living rooms, kitchen, servants, coachman quarters, stable, carriage house, summer kitchen and ice cellar”—and noted that houses on both sides were “occupied by English families”.

Across the settlement, daily life balanced familiarity and adaptation. Garden plots, servants’ quarters and outbuildings gave the British enclave an air of transplanted prosperity. For most local families, life remained harder, but conditions improved over time as profits grew, infrastructure spread and more local workers rose to positions of responsibility in the works and town administration.